Monday, December 18, 2017

c Program in file input & output

File Handling in c language is used to open, read, write, search or close file. It is used for permanent storage.

Advantage of File
It will contain the data even after program exit. Normally we use variable or array to store data, but data is lost after program exit. Variables and arrays are non-permanent storage medium whereas file is permanent storage medium.

Functions for file handling
There are many functions in C library to open, read, write, search and close file. A list of file functions are given below:
No.
Function
Description
1
fopen()
opens new or existing file
2
fprintf()
write data into file
3
fscanf()
reads data from file
4
fputc()
writes a character into file
5
fgetc()
reads a character from file
6
fclose()
closes the file
7
fseek()
sets the file pointer to given position
8
fputw()
writes an integer to file
9
fgetw()
reads an integer from file
10
ftell()
returns current position
11
rewind()
sets the file pointer to the beginning of the file
ModeDescription
ropens a text file in read mode
wopens a text file in write mode
aopens a text file in append mode
r+opens a text file in read and write mode
w+opens a text file in read and write mode
a+opens a text file in read and write mode
rbopens a binary file in read mode
wbopens a binary file in write mode
abopens a binary file in append mode
rb+opens a binary file in read and write mode
wb+opens a binary file in read and write mode
ab+opens a binary file in read and write mode
  1. #include <stdio.h>  
  2. main(){  
  3.    FILE *fp;  
  4.    fp = fopen("file.txt", "w");//opening file  
  5.    fprintf(fp, "Hello file by fprintf...\n");//writing data into file  
  6.    fclose(fp);//closing file  
  7. }  
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Sunday, December 17, 2017

1).Python lists are the data structure that is capable of holding different type of data.
2).Python lists are mutable i.e., Python will not create a new list if we modify an element in the list.
3).It is a container that holds other objects in a given order. Different operation like insertion and deletion can be performed on lists.
4).A list can be composed by storing a sequence of different type of values separated by commas.
5).A python list is enclosed between square([]) brackets.
6).The elements are stored in the index basis with starting index as 0.
A list can be created by putting the value inside the square bracket and separated by comma.
Syntax:
1.    <list_name>=[value1,value2,value3,...,valuen];  
For accessing list :
1.    <list_name>[index]  
List Operations:
Various Operations can be performed on List. Operations performed on List are given as:
a) Adding Lists:
Lists can be added by using the concatenation operator(+) to join two lists.
Eg:
1.    list1=[10,20]  
2.        list2=[30,40]  
3.        list3=list1+list2  
4.        print list3  
Output:
1.    >>>   
2.        [10, 20, 30, 40]  
3.        >>>  

1.        

Functions and Methods of Lists:

There are many Built-in functions and methods for Lists. They are as follows:
There are following List functions:
There are following built-in methods of List:
MethodsDescription
index(object)Returns the index value of the object.
count(object)It returns the number of times an object is repeated in list.
pop()/pop(index)Returns the last object or the specified indexed object. It removes the popped object.
insert(index,object)Insert an object at the given index.
extend(sequence)It adds the sequence to existing list.
remove(object)It removes the object from the given List.
reverse()Reverse the position of all the elements of a list.
sort()It is used to sort the elements of the List.
FunctionDescription
min(list)Returns the minimum value from the list given.
max(list)Returns the largest value from the given list.
len(list)Returns number of elements in a list.
cmp(list1,list2)Compares the two list.
list(sequence)Takes sequence types and converts them to lists.
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Saturday, December 16, 2017

php 4

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php 2

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Sunday, December 10, 2017

Interview Ques Answer 3

73) What is Exception Handling?

Exception Handling is a mechanism to handle runtime errors.It is mainly used to handle checked exceptions.

74) What is difference between Checked Exception and Unchecked Exception?

1)Checked Exception

The classes that extend Throwable class except RuntimeException and Error are known as checked exceptions e.g.IOException,SQLException etc. Checked exceptions are checked at compile-time.

2)Unchecked Exception

The classes that extend RuntimeException are known as unchecked exceptions e.g. ArithmeticException,NullPointerException etc. Unchecked exceptions are not checked at compile-time.

75) What is the base class for Error and Exception?

Throwable.

76) Is it necessary that each try block must be followed by a catch block?

It is not necessary that each try block must be followed by a catch block. It should be followed by either a catch block OR a finally block. And whatever exceptions are likely to be thrown should be declared in the throws clause of the method.

77) What is finally block?

  • finally block is a block that is always executed.

78) Can finally block be used without catch?

  • Yes, by try block. finally must be followed by either try or catch.

79) Is there any case when finally will not be executed?

finally block will not be executed if program exits(either by calling System.exit() or by causing a fatal error that causes the process to abort).

80) What is difference between throw and throws?

throw keywordthrows keyword
1)throw is used to explicitly throw an exception.throws is used to declare an exception.
2)checked exceptions can not be propagated with throw only.checked exception can be propagated with throws.
3)throw is followed by an instance.throws is followed by class.
4)throw is used within the method.throws is used with the method signature.
5)You cannot throw multiple exceptionYou can declare multiple exception e.g. public void method()throws IOException,SQLException.

81) Can an exception be rethrown?

Yes.

82) Can subclass overriding method declare an exception if parent class method doesn't throw an exception ?

Yes but only unchecked exception not checked.

83) What is exception propagation ?

Forwarding the exception object to the invoking method is known as exception propagation.

Java: String Handling Interview Questions

There is given a list of string handling interview questions with short and pointed answers. If you know any string handling interview question, kindly post it in the comment section.

84) What is the meaning of immutable in terms of String?

The simple meaning of immutable is unmodifiable or unchangeable. Once string object has been created, its value can't be changed.

85) Why string objects are immutable in java?

Because java uses the concept of string literal. Suppose there are 5 reference variables,all referes to one object "sachin".If one reference variable changes the value of the object, it will be affected to all the reference variables. That is why string objects are immutable in java.

86) How many ways we can create the string object?

There are two ways to create the string object, by string literal and by new keyword.

87) How many objects will be created in the following code?

  1. String s1="Welcome";  
  2. String s2="Welcome";  
  3. String s3="Welcome";  
Only one object.

88) Why java uses the concept of string literal?

To make Java more memory efficient (because no new objects are created if it exists already in string constant pool).

89)How many objects will be created in the following code?

  1. String s = new String("Welcome");  
Two objects, one in string constant pool and other in non-pool(heap).

90) What is the basic difference between string and stringbuffer object?

String is an immutable object. StringBuffer is a mutable object.

91) What is the difference between StringBuffer and StringBuilder ?

StringBuffer is synchronized whereas StringBuilder is not synchronized.

92) How can we create immutable class in java ?

We can create immutable class as the String class by defining final class and

93) What is the purpose of toString() method in java ?

The toString() method returns the string representation of any object. If you print any object, java compiler internally invokes the toString() method on the object. So overriding the toString() method, returns the desired output, it can be the state of an object etc. depends on your implementation.
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Interview QuesAnwer 2

53) What is Runtime Polymorphism?

Runtime polymorphism or dynamic method dispatch is a process in which a call to an overridden method is resolved at runtime rather than at compile-time.
In this process, an overridden method is called through the reference variable of a super class. The determination of the method to be called is based on the object being referred to by the reference variable.

54) Can you achieve Runtime Polymorphism by data members?

No.

55) What is the difference between static binding and dynamic binding?

In case of static binding type of object is determined at compile time whereas in dynamic binding type of object is determined at runtime.

Core Java - OOPs Concepts : Abstraction Interview Questions


56) What is abstraction?

Abstraction is a process of hiding the implementation details and showing only functionality to the user.

Abstraction lets you focus on what the object does instead of how it does it.

57) What is the difference between abstraction and encapsulation?

Abstraction hides the implementation details whereas encapsulation wraps code and data into a single unit.

58) What is abstract class?

A class that is declared as abstract is known as abstract class. It needs to be extended and its method implemented. It cannot be instantiated.

59) Can there be any abstract method without abstract class?

No, if there is any abstract method in a class, that class must be abstract.

60) Can you use abstract and final both with a method?

No, because abstract method needs to be overridden whereas you can't override final method.

61) Is it possible to instantiate the abstract class?

No, abstract class can never be instantiated.

62) What is interface?

Interface is a blueprint of a class that have static constants and abstract methods.It can be used to achieve fully abstraction and multiple inheritance.

63) Can you declare an interface method static?

No, because methods of an interface is abstract by default, and static and abstract keywords can't be used together.

64) Can an Interface be final?

No, because its implementation is provided by another class.

65) What is marker interface?

An interface that have no data member and method is known as a marker interface.For example Serializable, Cloneable etc.

66) What is difference between abstract class and interface?

Abstract classInterface
1)An abstract class can have method body (non-abstract methods).Interface have only abstract methods.
2)An abstract class can have instance variables.An interface cannot have instance variables.
3)An abstract class can have constructor.Interface cannot have constructor.
4)An abstract class can have static methods.Interface cannot have static methods.
5)You can extends one abstract class.You can implement multiple interfaces.

67) Can we define private and protected modifiers for variables in interfaces?

No, they are implicitly public.

68) When can an object reference be cast to an interface reference?

An object reference can be cast to an interface reference when the object implements the referenced interface.

Core Java - OOPs Concepts : Package Interview Questions

69) What is package?

A package is a group of similar type of classes interfaces and sub-packages. It provides access protection and removes naming collision.

70) Do I need to import java.lang package any time? Why ?

No. It is by default loaded internally by the JVM.

71) Can I import same package/class twice? Will the JVM load the package twice at runtime?

One can import the same package or same class multiple times. Neither compiler nor JVM complains about it.But the JVM will internally load the class only once no matter how many times you import the same class.
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Interview Ques Answer 1

1) What is difference between JDK,JRE and JVM?

JVM

JVM is an acronym for Java Virtual Machine, it is an abstract machine which provides the runtime environment in which java bytecode can be executed. It is a specification.
JVMs are available for many hardware and software platforms (so JVM is platform dependent).

JRE

JRE stands for Java Runtime Environment. It is the implementation of JVM.

JDK

JDK is an acronym for Java Development Kit. It physically exists. It contains JRE + development tools.

2) How many types of memory areas are allocated by JVM?

Many types:
  1. Class(Method) Area
  2. Heap
  3. Stack
  4. Program Counter Register
  5. Native Method Stack

3) What is JIT compiler?

Just-In-Time(JIT) compiler:It is used to improve the performance. JIT compiles parts of the byte code that have similar functionality at the same time, and hence reduces the amount of time needed for compilation.Here the term “compiler” refers to a translator from the instruction set of a Java virtual machine (JVM) to the instruction set of a specific CPU.

4) What is platform?

A platform is basically the hardware or software environment in which a program runs. There are two types of platforms software-based and hardware-based. Java provides software-based platform.

5) What is the main difference between Java platform and other platforms?

The Java platform differs from most other platforms in the sense that it's a software-based platform that runs on top of other hardware-based platforms.It has two components:
  1. Runtime Environment
  2. API(Application Programming Interface)

6) What gives Java its 'write once and run anywhere' nature?

The bytecode. Java is compiled to be a byte code which is the intermediate language between source code and machine code. This byte code is not platform specific and hence can be fed to any platform.

7) What is classloader?

The classloader is a subsystem of JVM that is used to load classes and interfaces.There are many types of classloaders e.g. Bootstrap classloader, Extension classloader, System classloader, Plugin classloader etc.

8) Is Empty .java file name a valid source file name?

Yes, save your java file by .java only, compile it by javac .java and run by java yourclassname Let's take a simple example:
  1. //save by .java only  
  2. class A{  
  3. public static void main(String args[]){  
  4. System.out.println("Hello java");  
  5. }  
  6. }  
  7. //compile by javac .java  
  8. //run by     java A  
compile it by javac .java
run it by java A

9) Is delete,next,main,exit or null keyword in java?

No.

10) If I don't provide any arguments on the command line, then the String array of Main method will be empty or null?

It is empty. But not null.

11) What if I write static public void instead of public static void?

Program compiles and runs properly.

12) What is the default value of the local variables?

The local variables are not initialized to any default value, neither primitives nor object references.

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Initial OOPs Interview Questions

There is given more than 50 OOPs (Object-Oriented Programming and System) interview questions. But they have been categorized in many sections such as constructor interview questions, static interview questions, Inheritance Interview questions, Abstraction interview question, Polymorphism interview questions etc. for better understanding.

13) What is difference between object oriented programming language and object based programming language?

Object based programming languages follow all the features of OOPs except Inheritance. Examples of object based programming languages are JavaScript, VBScript etc.

14) What will be the initial value of an object reference which is defined as an instance variable?

The object references are all initialized to null in Java.

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Constructor Interview Questions

15) What is constructor?

  • Constructor is just like a method that is used to initialize the state of an object. It is invoked at the time of object creation.

16) What is the purpose of default constructor?

  • The default constructor provides the default values to the objects. The java compiler creates a default constructor only if there is no constructor in the class.

17) Does constructor return any value?

Ans:yes, that is current instance (You cannot use return type yet it returns a value).

18)Is constructor inherited?

No, constructor is not inherited.

19) Can you make a constructor final?

No, constructor can't be final.

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: static keyword Interview Questions

20) What is static variable?

  • static variable is used to refer the common property of all objects (that is not unique for each object) e.g. company name of employees,college name of students etc.
  • static variable gets memory only once in class area at the time of class loading.

21) What is static method?

  • A static method belongs to the class rather than object of a class.
  • A static method can be invoked without the need for creating an instance of a class.
  • static method can access static data member and can change the value of it.

22) Why main method is static?

because object is not required to call static method if It were non-static method,jvm creats object first then call main() method that will lead to the problem of extra memory allocation.

23) What is static block?

  • Is used to initialize the static data member.
  • It is excuted before main method at the time of classloading.

24) Can we execute a program without main() method?

Ans) Yes, one of the way is static block.

25) What if the static modifier is removed from the signature of the main method?

Program compiles. But at runtime throws an error "NoSuchMethodError".

26) What is difference between static (class) method and instance method?

static or class methodinstance method
1)A method i.e. declared as static is known as static method.A method i.e. not declared as static is known as instance method.
2)Object is not required to call static method.Object is required to call instance methods.
3)Non-static (instance) members cannot be accessed in static context (static method, static block and static nested class) directly.static and non-static variables both can be accessed in instance methods.
4)For example: public static int cube(int n){ return n*n*n;}For example: public void msg(){...}.

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Inheritance Interview Questions

27) What is this in java?

It is a keyword that that refers to the current object.

28)What is Inheritance?

Inheritance is a mechanism in which one object acquires all the properties and behaviour of another object of another class. It represents IS-A relationship. It is used for Code Resusability and Method Overriding.

29) Which class is the superclass for every class.

Object class.

30) Why multiple inheritance is not supported in java?

  • To reduce the complexity and simplify the language, multiple inheritance is not supported in java in case of class.

31) What is composition?

Holding the reference of the other class within some other class is known as composition.

32) What is difference between aggregation and composition?

Aggregation represents weak relationship whereas composition represents strong relationship. For example: bike has an indicator (aggregation) but bike has an engine (compostion).

33) Why Java does not support pointers?

Pointer is a variable that refers to the memory address. They are not used in java because they are unsafe(unsecured) and complex to understand.

34) What is super in java?

It is a keyword that refers to the immediate parent class object.

35) Can you use this() and super() both in a constructor?

No. Because super() or this() must be the first statement.

36)What is object cloning?

The object cloning is used to create the exact copy of an object. 

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Method Overloading Interview Questions

37) What is method overloading?

If a class have multiple methods by same name but different parameters, it is known as Method Overloading. It increases the readability of the program.

38) Why method overloading is not possible by changing the return type in java?

Becauseof ambiguity.

39) Can we overload main() method?

Yes, You can have many main() methods in a class by overloading the main method.

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Method Overriding Interview Questions

40) What is method overriding:

If a subclass provides a specific implementation of a method that is already provided by its parent class, it is known as Method Overriding. It is used for runtime polymorphism and to provide the specific implementation of the method.

41) Can we override static method?

No, you can't override the static method because they are the part of class not object.

42) Why we cannot override static method?

It is because the static method is the part of class and it is bound with class whereas instance method is bound with object and static gets memory in class area and instance gets memory in heap.

43) Can we override the overloaded method?

Yes.

44) Difference between method Overloading and Overriding.

Method OverloadingMethod Overriding
1) Method overloading increases the readability of the program.Method overriding provides the specific implementation of the method that is already provided by its super class.
2) method overlaoding is occurs within the class.Method overriding occurs in two classes that have IS-A relationship.
3) In this case, parameter must be different.In this case, parameter must be same.

45) Can you have virtual functions in Java?

Yes, all functions in Java are virtual by default.

46) What is covariant return type?

Now, since java5, it is possible to override any method by changing the return type if the return type of the subclass overriding method is subclass type. It is known as covariant return type. 

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: final keyword Interview Questions

47) What is final variable?

If you make any variable as final, you cannot change the value of final variable(It will be constant).

48) What is final method?

Final methods can't be overriden.

49) What is final class?

Final class can't be inherited. 

50) What is blank final variable?

A final variable, not initalized at the time of declaration, is known as blank final variable.

51) Can we intialize blank final variable?

Yes, only in constructor if it is non-static. If it is static blank final variable, it can be initialized only in the static block.

52) Can you declare the main method as final?

Yes, such as, public static final void main(String[] args){}.
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